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Nature's review of 2006

Nature is one of the world's two premier science journals, the other being... Science. Sadly, their review of this year's science developments is, to this observer at least, simply underwhelming.

Oh, they mention Perelman's work on the Poincaré conjecture, and a couple of developments in biology (stem cells, and genetics). But as far as fundamental science is concerned, that's about it. Their emphasis is predominantly on stories that made big newspaper headlines for social/political reasons, such as global warming and natural disasters.

Sure, that stuff is very important for its human impact. No argument about it. But it's been covered endlessly in the popular media. Does Nature think they've added much to what you could read in, say, the New York Times? Or Newsweek, for that matter.

My advice to Nature, not that they've asked: Put the main emphasis on the fundamental science – in some serious depth we can't find elsewhere – instead of the yakety-yak one can hear from any talking head on the news shows.

That said, if anyone reading this still wants to read a little more from Nature's editors about what they considered scientfically important in 2006, here are some of their top 10 lists:

Editor's choice stories
A "vegetative" patient who showed signs of consciousness. That was number 1! A social scientist who could glibly discuss gravitational waves. (Number 3.) The world's smallest vertebrate. (Number 4.) Demise of the world's "most infamous" iceberg. (Did you know there was one?)

Reader's choice stories (most clicked on)
This list is better than the editor's choice. But not by much. Example: "Sexy pictures and lacy underwear take men's minds off getting a good deal."

Most commented on stories from Nature's news blog
This is probably the most interesting list. Lots of good arguments here, if you care for that sort of thing. Does gender matter? Islam and science. Delusions of faith.

Longer news features
Ranges from the genuinely important (climate change) to the "why did they bother?" category. And you'll have to buy a subscription to read most of them. Betcha no one does.


For the record: here's the home page for Nature's "review of the year's top stories and pictures".
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Science's top 10 "breakthroughs" of 2006

Science Magazine's selection of the top scientific developments of the year is basically the grand prix of scientific competition. And the editors usually make pretty good calls, though in truth there are many, many important scientific developments over the course of a year. Recognizing only 10 just leaves out too much. But it seems like a limitation we have to live with. Fortunately, there are other, if less prestigious, commentators who offer similar lists on science in general or on specfic fields. Taken all together, we get a more comprehensive picture of what happened during the year.

Anyhow, you can find an index of Science's articles on the top 10 (from the December 22 issue) here. (Access is free, though you will have to register at the site.)

Their choice for top breakthrough of 2006? It's the proof of the Poincaré conjecture. It is rather unusual for a development in mathematics to rate so much attention, but then this is no ordinary breakthrough. Something like this comes along in mathematics only every 10 or 20 years. It was written about on this blog here, here and here. (And in a few other articles besides, which you can find by searching the archives.)

Science's choices for runners-up were interesting too, of course. Among those are some that have been discussed here, such as macular degeneration (this), memory (this, this, and this), and small RNA (this). There's a steady stream of developments in the latter two areas, in particular, so stay tuned for more.

Just as interesting as the list of this year's breakthroughts were Science's list of areas to watch in 2007. Prominent in this list are the areas of planetary science (both our own solar system and others) and genome mapping and comparison.

It's also interesting to note areas that are not on the list, for either this year or next. Where, for instance, are topics in cosmology, astrophysics, and extragalactic astromomy – such as dark matter, dark energy, black holes, the cosmic microwave background, and gamma-ray bursts? Some very fundamental results have been obtained this year, with more surely to come in 2007. They've been discussed extensively here – search the archives for plenty of examples. Just goes to show how much has to be left out of a "top 10" list.

Additional references:

Maths solution tops science class – from the BBC
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Beautiful politicians win more votes

This is sort of in the same vein as a recent post here:

Beautiful politicians win more votes: study
Beautiful politicians win more votes, according to Australian National University research released today that asked an independent group of ‘beauty raters’ to assess the looks of 286 major party candidates who ran in the 2004 federal election.

The study, conducted by ANU economist Dr Andrew Leigh and University of South Australia student Amy King, found that voters tend to opt for the better-looking candidate.

“Compared to the average-looking political candidate, a candidate at the 84th percentile of the beauty distribution, as judged by our independent raters, receives an extra 1½ to 2 per cent of the vote. In some seats, this is the difference between winning and losing,” Dr Leigh said.

And it isn't really news, is it? After all, people learn at an early age to treat elections as popularity contests. And who is it that wins student elections in high school anyway?

Unfortunately, that's not a good way to judge competence or good government policy. Never has been, but now that televised coverage of politicians and elections is so pervasive...

Perhaps it's worth thinking about the value placed on "beauty" and "good looks" for elected public officials. Here's one thing that Wikipedia says about physical attractiveness:
Prototypicality as beauty

Besides biology and culture, there are many other factors determining physical attractiveness. It is seen that when many faces are combined into a composite image (through computer morphing), people find the resultant image as familiar and attractive, and even more beautiful than the faces that went into it. One interpretation is that this shows an inherent human preference for prototypicality. That is, the resultant face emerges with the salient features shared by most faces, and hence becomes the prototype. The prototypical face and features is therefore perceived as symmetrical and familiar. Apparently, this reveals an "underlying preference for the familiar and safe over the unfamiliar and potentially dangerous"

In other words, people who are considered attractive within a population are those who are most "typical" or "average". Or inversely, least atypical, least different from the largest number of people in the population. People who are considered less attractive have facial features that vary a lot from the norm, such as lips that are too thin or too thick (compared to the average), eyes too far apart or too close together, eyebrows that are too sparse or too bushy.

And what makes these "unattractive" is that they are "unfamiliar and potentially dangerous".

Surprising? Nope. Just not a good way to judge things like competence, ability, common sense, etc. Funny thing is, our culture has sensible maxims like "you can't judge a book by its cover."

But everyone has some tendency to judge by the cover anyhow. It's a decision-making heuristic based on understandable factors.

Just not a good heuristic, because it's based on unanalyzed assumptions that aren't appropriate.

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Do carbon nanotubes present a health hazard?

Perhaps not:

Nanotubes Tracked In Blood And Liver: Study Finds No Adverse Effects
In the first experiments of their kind, researchers at Rice University and The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center have determined that carbon nanotubes injected directly into the bloodstream of research lab animals cause no immediate adverse health effects and circulate for more than one hour before they are removed by the liver.

The findings are from the first in vivo animal study of chemically unmodified carbon nanotubes, a revolutionary nanomaterial that many researchers hope will prove useful in diagnosing and treating disease.

Of course, there needs to be much more research than that. Like long-term exposure, for example. But this is a promising start.

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Is pot a gateway drug?

Apparently not:

No 'Smoking' Gun: Research Indicates Teen Marijuana Use Does Not Predict Drug, Alcohol Abuse
Marijuana is not a “gateway” drug that predicts or eventually leads to substance abuse, suggests a 12-year University of Pittsburgh study. Moreover, the study’s findings call into question the long-held belief that has shaped prevention efforts and governmental policy for six decades and caused many a parent to panic upon discovering a bag of pot in their child’s bedroom.

Of course, as we just noted here, cannabis doesn't do any good for your memory.

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Top 10 Health Stories of 2006

Having recently posted a note on physics stories of 2006, I guess I should do health/medicine news next. So there's this: The Top 10 Health Stories of 2006.

I won't quibble with inclusion of any of the choices, but I do have comments on some of them (numbers keyed to items in the article):

  • 1. HPV vaccine – This isn't exactly a vaccine "against cancer". Cancer vaccines are under active development, but they're a different animal. This is a vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV), which is responsible for about 70% of cervical cancers. I've written about it here.

  • 4. Treatment for macular degeneration – Since macular degeneration is caused by misplaced and uncontrolled growth of blood vessels in the eye, any drug that can inhibit angiogeneisis may be a potential treatment for the problem. It just so happens that anti-angiogenesis drugs are also possible treatments for solid cancers, since the drugs can inhibit blood supply to a tumor. Such a drug, with the trade name Avastin, was approved by the FDA in 2004. Avastin is a monoclonal antibody developed by Genentech, and may become a blockbuster drug for many types of cancer.

    Not coincidentally, the new macular degeneration drug, Lucentis, that the FDA approved this year is also from Genentech. It consists, essentially, of a portion of the Avastin antibody. Avastin has actually been used off-label to treat macular degeneration, and there is some controversy about the fact that Genentech hasn't run clinical trials of such use, even though Avastin is sold for a considerably cheaper price than Lucentis.

    Both Avastin and Lucentis target a protein called vascular entothelial growth factor (VEGF). A number of other drug companies are working on anti-angiogenic drugs that target VEGF. Some of them may be much more powerful than Avastin and Lucentis, such as one called a VEGF trap, from Regeneron Pharmaceuticals. (More information about that.)

  • 6. Vaccines – Vaccines are of two kinds: preventive and therapeutic. Both types work by conditioning the immune system. The former, more familiar, type wards off infectious diseases by stimulating the immune system to attack the agent of infection (usually a virus). Therapeutic vaccines are designed to mobilize the immune system in order to treat an existing disease condition. Of course, vaccines of both types are aggressively being sought to combat AIDS and cancer. But there's also a lot of research and development going into vaccines for conditions you might not expect, such as nicotine addiction and alcoholism. See this news article for an example dealing with nicotine.

  • 10. Vitamin D – The article mentions reports of beneficial effects of vitamin D for cancers of the breast and pancreas. This has been suspected for some time, as this story from 2004 indicates. Other studies have shown beneficial effects in prostate cancer (see here, here, here), ovarian cancer (see here, here), and colon cancer (see here, here).


There's one thing I think that the article misses. Even though it discusses cancer in relation to HPV and vitamin D, there has actually been an absolute flood of new research results on cancers of all types. Much of the research has dealt with the basic biology of cancer, such as the roles played by many different genes, the process of metastasis, and the involvment of stem cells in the onset of cancer. Although such research hasn't yet led to clinical trials of new drugs and therapies, I see this as a very important sign for the future. I'll try to write about "top stories of 2006 in cancer biology" some time after the new year.

Also related to cancer, there have been some new drugs approved for bone/blood cancer-like diseases such as multiple myeloma and myelodysplasia (e. g. Revlimid).

There has also been a lot of progress in understanding the biology of Alzheimer's disease. Not enough, yet, to fully understand the disease mechanism, but quite a lot is being learned. There may be some breakthroughs here before too long.

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Holiday gifts for science folks

Sorry to mention these so late, but I just came across this site – Bathsheba Sculpture – from a talented artist. I won't violate the artist's copyright by putting some pictures here or hotlink them – just have a look at the site. The artist, Bathsheba Grossman, does sculptures of mathematical forms using 3D printing technology, and also creates images laser-etched inside glass. The technology is quite interesting too.

For folks who are more into biology than math, the artist also does protein models etched in glass, shown at her other site: Crystal Protein. If you happen to have a PDB code for a favorite protein of yours, you can even get a custom model made.

I don't know whether Bathsheba's work is unique, as I'm not very familiar with the art world. All I can say is that I'd certainly feel proud to give this kind of gift, or surprised and fortunate to receive such.

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Animal Behavior in the City

People make many distinctions between City life and Rural life. So it seems that birds do, too - at the the Great Tit does. Great tits are small birds that live in rural, suburban and urban areas throughout the U.S. Science Magazine's online service ScienceNOW Daily News features an interesting story about the contrasting singing behavior of these birds that live in different habitats. Check it out here.
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Physics Story of the Year

'Tis the season for articles with titles like "Story of the year," "Notable achievements of 2006," and so forth. Here's the first one I've seen so far. And with almost 4 weeks to go (from when it was posted), it's jumping the gun a little. Who knows what might happen on the remainder of our world line before the 2007 mark?

The Physics Story of the Year
The physics story of the year 2006 was, we believe, the new high precision (0.76 parts per trillion uncertainty) measurement of the electron’s magnetic moment by Gerald Gabrielse and his colleagues at Harvard University. Then in a second paper the same experimenters used the new moment in tandem with a fresh formulation of quantum electrodynamics (QED) provided by theoretical colleagues to formulate a new value for the fine structure constant (denoted by the letter alpha), the pivotal parameter which sets the overall strength of the electromagnetic force. The new value has an uncertainty of 0.7 parts per billion, the first major revision of alpha in 20 years. A comparison between this new value and values determined by other methods provides the best test yet of quantum electrodynamics (QED).

OK, that one didn't get much play in the general press, but some additional physics stories did achieve more prominence. Here are some of my favorites, with links to additional information:

  • The observation of many more supernovas at redshifts of 1, thus establishing the idea that dark energy was around even in the early universe. [More: here, here, here, here, and here. I wrote about it here.]
  • New WMAP measurements of the cosmic microwave background, including polarization information, help to sharpen cosmological numbers such as the age or the flatness of the universe. [More: here, here, here, here, here, and here. I wrote about it here.]
  • Advances in plasmonics, or "two-dimensional light". [More: here, here, and here.]
  • Advances in the study of graphene, including the discovery of a new form of the Hall effect. [More: here and here.]
  • Progress at several labs in modeling gravity wave transmissions from black hole mergers, the kinds of events which LIGO or LISA would possibly detect. [More: here.]
  • Measuring the presence of virtual strange quarks inside protons.[More: here and here.]
  • Heaviest baryons discovered. [More: here, here, here, and here.]
  • Investigating whether the electron/proton mass ratio changed over time. [More: here and here]
  • Telecloning. [More: here, here, here, and here.]


Whew. Quite a list. But I think it leaves a lot out, too. There have been a number of interesting discoveries related to black holes. I've written about some of them. There have also been many advances in the related fields of spintronics, quantum information, and quantum computing. (I still haven't written about those.) Some other areas where there's been quite a lot of progress: carbon nanotubes, dark matter, and laser wakefield accelerators. And that's not the end of it.

Perhaps, if Santa puts an abundance of time under the tree for me this year, I'll tackle writing about what's happened in some of those areas.

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A starburst galaxy

VLT Image of Starburst Galaxy NGC 1313 (11/23/06)
This FORS image of the central parts of NGC 1313 shows a stunning natural beauty. The galaxy bears some resemblance to some of the Milky Way's closest neighbours, the Magellanic Clouds. NGC 1313 has a barred spiral shape, with the arms emanating outwards in a loose twist from the ends of the bar. The galaxy lies just 15 million light-years away from the Milky Way - a mere skip on cosmological scales. The spiral arms are a hotbed of star-forming activity, with numerous young clusters of hot stars being born continuously at a staggering rate out of the dense clouds of gas and dust. Their light blasts through the surrounding gas, creating an intricately beautiful pattern of light and dark nebulosity.

But NGC 1313 is not just a pretty picture. A mere scratch beneath the elegant surface reveals evidence of some of the most puzzling problems facing astronomers in the science of stars and galaxies. Starburst galaxies are fascinating objects to study in their own right; in neighbouring galaxies, around one quarter of all massive stars are born in these powerful engines, at rates up to a thousand times higher than in our own Milky Way Galaxy.




NGC 1313 - Click for 1280×1157 image
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Philosophia Naturalis #4 has been published

Daniel Collins at Down to Earth has posted the 4th edition of Philosophia Naturalis. It's your gateway to interesting science reading, right here.
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